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Abstract
Context
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) are increased in type 2 diabetes and are potential regulators of metabolism. The effect of changes in caloric intake and macronutrient composition on their circulating levels in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown.

Objective
To explore the effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet with and without a clinically significant weight loss on circulating levels of FGF21 and GDF15 in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods
We measured circulating FGF21 and GDF15 in patients with type 2 diabetes who completed 2 previously published diet interventions. Study 1 randomized 28 subjects to an isocaloric diet in a 6 + 6-week crossover trial consisting of, in random order, a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) or a conventional diabetes (CD) diet. Study 2 randomized 72 subjects to a 6-week hypocaloric diet aiming at a ∼6% weight loss induced by either a CRHP or a CD diet. Fasting plasma FGF21 and GDF15 were measured before and after the interventions in a subset of samples (n = 24 in study 1, n = 66 in study 2).

Results
Plasma levels of FGF21 were reduced by 54% in the isocaloric study (P < .05) and 18% in the hypocaloric study (P < .05) in CRHP-treated individuals only. Circulating GDF15 levels increased by 18% (P < .05) following weight loss in combination with a CRHP diet but only in those treated with metformin.

Conclusion
The CRHP diet significantly reduced FGF21 in people with type 2 diabetes independent of weight loss, supporting the role of FGF21 as a “nutrient sensor.” Combining metformin treatment with carbohydrate restriction and weight loss may provide additional metabolic improvements due to the rise in circulating GDF15.

Results from a three-year extension of our landmark DIRECT study reveal that for some it’s possible to stay in remission of type 2 diabetes for at least five years. But the findings highlight that maintaining weight loss and staying in remission can be challenging.  

New findings show that 13% of people who had received the weight management programme and continued to have support through the extension study were in remission of type 2 diabetes at five years. 

The REVITALIZE 1 study from Fractyl Health will assess if an investigational procedure known as duodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR) can help address a range of health problems caused by diabetes. The DMR procedure targets the inner lining of the duodenum (a portion of the small intestine) and uses heat to remove the thickened or diseased lining so the body can regrow a new, healthy lining capable of potentially helping to control blood glucose, improve insulin resistance, and improve control of diabetes without needing to take more medicines or insulin.

Now, UK researchers have found that 670 nanometers of red light on the backs of healthy individuals stimulated energy production within mitochondria – the tiny powerhouses within cells – leading to increased consumption of glucose.

In particular, it led to a 27.7% reduction in blood glucose levels following glucose intake and reduced maximum glucose spiking by 7.5%.

Pete Doherty reveals he has been diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes after admitting he thinks 'death is lurking'
By SEAN O'GRADY FOR MAILONLINE

PUBLISHED: 22:10 GMT, 24 February 2024

Pete Doherty has been diagnosied with Type 2 Diabetes after admitting he thinks 'death is lurking'.

The Libertines singer, 44, has always been open about his prolific battles with drug addiction, including crack and heroin, in the past.

While he has given up drugs Pete admitted his diet hasn't been great and he eats a lot of 'cheese and sugar'.

Speaking to The Guardian's Saturday Magazine, he said: 'I gave up the main poisons and my health improved. Then you get told alcohol and cheese and sugar are just as bad and you were healthier when you were on heroin.

More than a billion people obese worldwide, research suggests
…
Research suggests ‘there have been aggressive marketing campaigns promoting unhealthy foods, while the cost and availability of healthier food is problematic.